Land Use Compendium, DOT-T-99-03
Land Use and Travel Survey Data: A Survey of the Metropolitan Planning Organizations of the 35 Largest U.S. Metropolitan Areas
Chris Porter, Laura Melendy, And Elizabeth Deakin
Institute
of Urban And Regional Development
University of California - Berkeley
October 1995
This paper was funded by the U.S. Department of Transportation--Federal Transit Administration under contract no. DC-26-9028. While the authors gratefully acknowledge this support as well as the considerable assistance provided by the transportation and land use planning staff cited in the paper, the authors claim sole responsibility for errors and omissions. Also, while every effort was made to have correct data at the time of this writing, the organizations cited herein are continually updating and improving their methods, and changes are likely to occur. Users of this document should contact the respondents listed on pages 12 - 14 to obtain up-to-date information.
Background and Purpose
The purpose of this survey of Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) is twofold: first, to determine what travel surveys have been conducted recently and the availability of this data, and second, to determine the nature and quality of existing land use data for each metropolitan area. Travel survey status is summarized for only the past five years; a study conducted in 1989 by Chuck Purvis of the Metropolitan Transportation Commission1 provides a summary of travel surveys prior to 1990.
The survey was conducted by telephone. Calls regarding travel surveys were made in October 1994 and calls regarding land use data were made in March 1995. Respondents were sent a draft of the survey in June 1995 and asked to confirm and update information. The thirty-five largest metropolitan areas in the United States were surveyed.
Travel survey respondents were asked what types of surveys they had recently completed as well as which were underway or planned for the near future. Survey types include household trip diaries, on-board transit surveys, external cordon surveys, and truck and goods movement surveys. Respondents were also asked about the sample size of survey and whether the data was publicly available.
Land use data respondents were asked whether the MPO kept a central land use data file, what form it was in (GIS, tabular, or paper), the number of categories of land use types, and the spatial resolution of the data. Respondents were also asked about data availability, the quality and nature of historical land use data, and what types of land use forecasting methods they used (if any).
A list of people and agencies contacted for the survey is included.
Survey Results
Travel Surveys. Of the thirty-five MPOs surveyed:
- Thirty-two have conducted at least one household travel survey since 1985.
- Twenty-eight have conducted a household survey since 1990 or are currently conducting a survey.
- Eighteen have conducted at least two household travel surveys in the 1978-94 time period.
- Twenty reported having conducted at least one other type of travel survey since 1985.
For most household surveys, between 1,500 and 3,000 households were sampled.
Land Use Data. As of Spring 1995, the thirty-five MPOs reported having the following types of land use databases:
- Twenty reported having digitized land use data on a Geographic Information System (GIS). The vast majority used ArcInfo software. An additional seven MPOs are constructing or planning to construct a GIS-based land use file.
- Seven reported having land use data primarily in a tabular format (acreage by type of use), most often at the Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZ) level.
- Three reported having land use data in a paper format only.
- Five reported having no centralized land use data.
Some of the above MPOs retained data in more than one format. For example, some MPOs with a GIS also kept data in tabular files.
The most common method of GIS database construction was aerial photography; in some cases this was supplemented by local review and/or ground observation. Most GIS land use databases have been constructed in the past five years and are based on 1990 data. Some areas have constructed paper, tabular, or GIS databases from property tax records. Finally, some areas have geocoded land use data based on pre-existing map data.
The level of resolution for GIS systems varies greatly, from 1/4 acre to 10 acres (most systems fell in the range of 2 to 4 acres). The number of categories of land use also varies greatly for both GIS and non-GIS systems, from four or five to over 100.
Land Use Forecasting. Respondents were not queried in great detail about their land use forecasting methods. Nevertheless, some general conclusions can be drawn:
- Eleven reported using DRAM/EMPAL (Disaggregate Residential Allocation Model/Employment Allocation Model) or a variant, often in conjunction with less formal methods, such as local review.
- Twelve reported using some other type of model, usually developed in-house. These were usually based on some combination of regional demographic and employment forecasts, allocated to a zonal level, in conjunction with local land use plans.
- Nine reported basing land use projections primarily on informal assessments of development trends and local conditions.
- Three reported doing no land use forecasting although one of these was in the process of developing a model.
Overall, the quantity and quality of land use and travel survey data held by Metropolitan Planning Organizations seems to have increased substantially since 1990. The recent emphasis of the policy environment on coordinated transportation planning seems to have led to a resurgence of data collection efforts. Also, the recent development of Geographic Information Systems has allowed the widespread development of land use databases.
Metropolitan Area Responses
Atlanta (Atlanta Regional Commission)
Travel Surveys. 1991 household travel survey by telephone/mail (2400 households).
Land Use Data. 1990: aerial photos of 10-county region, on ArcInfo; 32 categories (USGS Anderson system); resolution 2-4 acres in some urban areas, otherwise ~10 acres; founded on LUTA land cover & use system. Historical data: updates every 5 years since 1975.
Land Use Forecasting. Use DRAM/EMPAL. No regional comprehensive land use plan.
Baltimore (Baltimore Metropolitan Council)
Travel Surveys. 1993 household travel survey just finished (2962 households). Origin-destination survey also conducted at five points on PA-MD line.
Land Use Data. 1990, on MapInfo: acres of existing and vacant land by zoning class and indications of holding capacities at the TAZ level. For use in running the Horowitz model and other applications.
Land Use Forecasting. Forecast population, employment, and activities to develop regional and jurisdictional controls. Use building permit information and subdivision plans for initial allocation to TAZs, then submit to local jurisdictions for review and reconciliation. Also maintain "Master Establishment File" (from ES202 insurance records) for employment allocation.
Boston (Metropolitan Area Planning Council)
Travel Surveys. 1991 home interview survey (4000 households): travel diary, activity-based; 1991 external cordon survey; numerous current transit on-board surveys.
Land Use Data. 1985 data for the entire state on ArcInfo. 28 total categories, including 10-15 relevant for urban areas. Size of polygons varies. Currently digitizing 1991-92 aerial photos; completion scheduled for late 1995? Contact MassGIS (Executive Office of Environmental Affairs) for data availability.
Land Use Forecasting. An in-house, modified variant of DRAM/EMPAL.
Buffalo (Niagara Frontier Transportation Committee)
Travel Surveys. 1990 regional cordon survey; 1993 household travel survey (2700 households plus 265 students); conducting onboard transit survey for completion in Spring 1995; planning a freight survey.
Land Use Data (Erie County). Based on property tax coding system. Last map done mid-70s; putting together new map on parcel centroid basis for completion in Spring 1995. 13 categories; map scale is 1" to a mile, with 300,000 parcel centroids in Erie County.
Land Use Forecasting. MPO conducts regional demographic forecasts and municipal forecasts with high and low estimates. County planning staff assigns municipal forecast results to TAZs based on zoning, environmental constraints, etc. Forecasting was completed in early 1990s for 2010 regional transportation plan; similar process planned over next 4-5 years for 2020 plan. Will include development of a metro area land use plan.
Charlotte (Charlotte Department of Transportation)
Travel Surveys. 1987 household survey (1,300 completed households). Do on-board transit surveys fairly regularly.
Land Use Data. Mecklenburg County: Land-use coverages on ArcInfo. Property tax data are coded to Census block; tracts and blocks are coded on parcel ID. Updates occur regularly. In addition to standard tax data, records include land use codes, zoning codes, and estimates of vacant land by land use category. No land use data outside of Mecklenburg County.
Land Use Forecasting. County and sub-county (11 subareas) were forecast by outside consultant; allocation to TAZs was performed by local staff using a Delphi technique. For neighboring Union County area, state level forecasts are combined with forecasts for adjacent areas of Mecklenburg County. Currently surveying land use models used elsewhere to develop multi-county forecasts for the Charlotte region.
Chicago (Chicago Area Transportation Study)
Travel Surveys. Travel survey conducted 1988-91 (19,300 households).
Land Use Data. 1990: 6-county comprehensive inventory on ArcInfo, from aerial photographs; 47 categories; resolution ~2.5 acres (1/4 acre in some areas of City of Chicago). Also have earlier data, gathered by different methods.
Land Use Forecasting. Trying DRAM/EMPAL with no results yet. Last forecast model was 20 years ago. Forecasts have been revised every few years subsequently.
Cincinnati (Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Regional Council of Governments)
Travel Surveys. An on-board transit survey was conducted in May 1995. A household travel survey of 2000-2500 households will be conducted in fall 1995. An extended station trip survey is planned for 1997.
Land Use Data. Physical land use is monitored by five-year-interval aerial photography. Data not digitally mapped at present, but a GIS system is under consideration. Have old (1975) maps. Tabular demographic data (population, households, and employment) is maintained by TAZ. Current-year TAZ data is under development through a local building permit inventory. City of Cincinnati and Hamilton County have a GIS.
Land Use Forecasting. Mapped future land use is not available for the region. Tabular demographic data by TAZ for transportation modeling is prepared for long-range target years. This is done using a manual allocation method from state-prepared county-level population projections and review by local planning agencies. Automated procedures are being reviewed.
Cleveland (Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency Policy Board)
Travel Surveys. 1994 household travel survey (1,600 households); contractor finishing report. 1994 workplace survey of employers; 150 employers were selected by size, SCI code, and area type. 1993 on-board transit survey by the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority.
Land Use Data. Tabular, for 1990-91 (City of Cleveland) or 1985-86 elsewhere; 6 categories; tabulated at TAZ level (comparable to census tract). Historical: maps from various years, with varying degrees of accuracy. In the process of getting land use data on a GIS.
Land Use Forecasting. Keep track of development at TAZ level. No land use plan or computer modeling.
Columbus (Policy Committee of the Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission)
Travel Surveys. Downtown O-D cordon survey completed in 1994. Onboard transit survey in 1994 (every bus route). ODOT is doing cordon surveys of the major metropolitan areas in the next 2-3 years; Columbus is scheduled for the summer of 1995.
Land Use Data. Tabular, by TAZ (~1000 in Columbus area): 43 total variables, including population and employment figures, square footage of commercial uses, and acreage by type of land use. Data are linked to existing GIS system (ArcInfo). There are plans to develop a land use layer for this system, possibly within the year. Franklin County has digitized land use data on a parcel basis. Aerial photography every five years. Data are updated through continuous tracking of building permits and subdivisions. Full surveys for employment updates are conducted on a five-year cycle.
Land Use Forecasting. Forecasts are balanced against regional control populations developed by the Ohio Department of Development. Marginal population and employment are distributed to the zone level based on historic and current development activities and local land use plans.
Dallas (North Central Texas Council of Governments)
Travel Surveys. Currently conducting 1994-95 regional travel survey. Survey includes a household survey, workplace survey, and external cordon survey.
Land Use Data. 1990, 1988: on ArcInfo, from aerial photos with local review. ~20 categories, based on USGS code system plus a third digit. Resolution: <= 5 acres. Historical: TXDOT regional planning office has paper maps dating to 1965.
Land Use Forecasting. (1) State forecasts demographics by metropolitan area; (2) allocated to districts using DRAM/EMPAL and a "modified Delphi" technique with feedback from a technical committee; (3) allocated to TAZs using in-house supply-driven model and local government review.
Denver (Denver Regional Council of Governments)
Travel Surveys. 1985: completed 1,500 household survey in six-county region. 1992-93: completed 2,500 household sample survey in Boulder County. 1994: completed 800 household sample of elderly and disabled in eight-county region. Will undertake comprehensive travel behavior inventory in spring 1996 (5,000 household surveys, on-board transit survey, truck and cordon line surveys).
Land Use Data. Land use data by TAZ aggregated into ten land use classes from local governments and aerial photos for 1995. Regional mapping of land use with census tract tabulation for 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1990-95.
Land Use Forecasting. Use an in-house model to allocate population, income, and employment by TAZ based on a multi-variate attractiveness index and local comprehensive plan designations. Attractiveness index variables include amount of vacant land, character of existing development, per capita income, planned transportation facilities, and level of pedestrians and transit orientation of development.
Detroit (Southeast Michigan Council of Governments)
Travel Surveys. 1990 household travel survey. 1994 household survey (7,300 households). Planned for 1995: transit on-board survey, external cordon survey and count.
Land Use Data. 1990: statewide land cover survey from aerial photos (digitized), based on 1985 DNR survey; 55 categories statewide (3-digit coding); resolution ~2.5 acres (may be more detail locally), based on 1:24,000 USGS quads; next update planned for 1995. Also, just digitized 232 communities' master plans for future land use. Historical: regionwide land use inventories back to 1965 (different methods prior to 1985).
Land Use Forecasting. Demographic 20-year forecasting at a TAZ level using DRAM/EMPAL. Currently working on 2020 regional development forecast.
Hartford (Capitol Region Council of Governments)
Travel Surveys. No recent surveys; no plans for surveys.
Land Use Data. No central data. Working on GIS.
Land Use Forecasting. In process of developing a land use forecasting model.
Houston (Houston-Galveston Area Council)
Travel Surveys. During the 1994-95 fiscal year, the H-GAC has conducted a full complement of travel surveys. These included: (1) a household survey of 2,450 households, stratified by income and household size. (2) an external station survey of all 79 sites, with over half surveyed as to origin/destination; trucks were questioned as to routing and cargo. (3) A workplace survey of 350 employers stratified by area and employment type; included employee and visitor surveys and freight deliveries. (4) A commercial vehicle survey of 6+ wheel trucks and non-fixed route passenger carriers; included a trip diary. (5) A multimodal facilities inventory of facility operators for all modes. (6) An on-board transit survey of all fixed routes and park-and-ride express buses; included 350+ routes. (7) A series of special generator surveys for Houston Intercontinental Airport, selected Galveston Island Tourist Attractions, Gulf Greyhound Park, and one University campus.
Surveys will have final tabulation reports completed by Sept. 30, 1995, and detailed analysis reports will be completed during FY 1996. Much of the detailed analysis will be performed by the Texas Transportation Institute.
Land Use Data. In very early stages of developing a database from remote sensing; also working on real estate database from private sources. TXDOT has data for 7 counties surrounding Harris, based on early 80s aerial photos with updates based on building permits, spot checks, etc; 5 categories, at census tract level. City of Houston has database from tax records: 10 categories, at tract and/or parcel level. No data on the rest of Harris County.
Land Use Forecasting. H-GAC completed its DRAM/EMPAL forecasts in spring 1995. The agency is currently exploring alternatives to DRAM/EMPAL for use in future forecasting efforts.
Kansas City (Mid-America Regional Council)
Travel Surveys. 1991-92 travel diary (1221 households); 1993 downtown commuter survey (4605 persons). 1989 study of the College Boulevard area.
Land Use Data. The city of Kansas City, MO, which spans four counties, will complete installation of a parcel-level GIS (Intergraph) in 1995. Two counties (but not largest) have GIS (ArcInfo) based on parcel data. For metropolitan region: paper maps: old maps plus maps of changes; ~6 categories, at census tract level. Plans for digitizing in next few years. Also have 1984 Landsat photo image, but can't tell much except developed/undeveloped. Historical tabular files of land use acreage by census tract for 1970, 1980, and 1990.
Land Use Forecasting. Use DRAM/EMPAL to forecast socio-economic activities with add-on land accounting.
Los Angeles (Southern California Association of Governments)
Travel Surveys. 1991 household survey (26,000 households). Some extra work done, including geocoding of origin/destination points.
Land Use Data. Digital file from aerial photos for 5-county area (1990 & 1993; updates planned every 3 years). Includes 105 categories, resolution ~2 acres. Historical data: some aerial photos of LA county, never manuscripted. CA Dept. of Water Resources has flown the entire state every seven years since the early 1940s.
Land Use Forecasting. Use DRAM/EMPAL: start with regional and county level forecasts from regional model, enter control totals into DRAM/EMPAL, take output along with local input to develop city-level controls. Fed into an in-house "small area allocation model." and disaggregated into about 5,000 zones.
Miami (Miami Urbanized Area Metropolitan Planning Organization)
Travel Surveys. 1993-94 "general household and hurricane
impact survey" (2700 households) and on-board transit survey. These
were performed in order to help assess the affects of hurricane Andrew on
the transportation system and to evaluate subsequent changes in travel
behavior. Also 1987 regional travel survey (by Florida DOT) and 1986
on-board transit survey. Some surveys of jitney vehicular activity, most
recently in 1992.
Land Use Data. USGS quads (~60 for Dane County). Developing GIS (ArcInfo) based on section plots; should be ready in 1996. Includes ~100 categories (3-digit code); resolution at tens of feet. Historical: files to late 1960s; good detail since 1980.
Land Use Forecasting. Land use and demographic estimates for Dade County are developed by the Dade County Planning Department and provided to the MPO and FDOT. Data are developed at a variety of levels but transmitted at a TAZ level (there are currently 1160 TAZs). The department also develops other socioeconomic inputs for regional travel demand models based on a carefully structured set of procedures. A Comprehensive Development Master Plan is used as the overall guide for land use, infrastructure, and other development issues. County-wide projections of population, housing, and employment are used as control totals and linked to land use requirements; totals are allocated to 32 subareas based on development trends, land and infrastructure availability, and land use policies; and subarea totals are then further allocated to TAZs based on additional variables.
Milwaukee (Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission)
Travel Surveys. 1991-92 household travel survey (17,500 households). Survey of internal truck travel, external travel, and on-vehicle transit survey.
Land Use Data. Most recent 1990, digitized from 1" = 400' ratioed and rectified aerial photographs; to be updated in 1995 with 1" = 400' using digital orthophotography. Includes over 100 categories. Resolution: individual parcels. Historical data to 1963 with data since 1970 every five years. Data is available in tabular format for U.S. Public Land Survey one-quarter sections and in map format.
Land Use Forecasting. The Commission since 1966 has based transportation and all other facility system planning on a normative land use plan which represents a desirable land use pattern, rather than a forecast pattern. Planning objectives and standards guide the land use plan allocation of land development, households, and jobs to TAZs. Transportation and other facility system plans are designed to serve the land use plan. The consistency of the transportation and land use plans is checked with mapping of transportation plan total and incremental accessibility.
Minneapolis (Metropolitan Council)
Travel Surveys. 1990 travel behavior inventory.
Land Use Data. 1990: ArcInfo for 7-county area; 13 categories, resolution ~1/4 acre (1:24,000 map accuracy standards). Historical: maps dating to 1958 at roughly 5-year intervals.
Land Use Forecasting. No formal modeling. Allocate land to communities for development; calculate available land and project development and population growth. Development is restricted outside Metropolitan Urban Services Area.
New Orleans (Regional Planning Commission)
Travel Surveys. No household surveys in past 20 years. Regional Transit Authority did an on-board transit survey in 1994. No specific survey plans for the near future.
Land Use Data. 1991: Intergraph, for 3 parishes, digitized from existing USGS maps; 10 categories; very detailed (~50 feet?), although some resolution was lost in digitizing. Historical: compendium of land use plans for 4 parishes.
Land Use Forecasting. No real modeling; derive distribution of residential population from building permits, utility hookups, etc.
New York (New York Metropolitan Transportation Council)
Travel Surveys. Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA): 1989 home interview travel survey (20,500 households); 1989 survey of subway and railroad riders. NYMTC: regular hourly cordon counts for Manhattan CBD; late-80s origin-destination survey of vehicles entering and leaving the CBD; contracted for 800-1000 additional samples for the 1990 NPTS.
Land Use Data. For completion in Spring 1995: collecting subregional data from counties; 9-10 categories at census tract level. Currently have only 2 categories, residential and non-residential. New York City has land use data at a census tract level, including residential (housing units, lot area, and floor area) and nonresidential (6 categories). Similar data is available for most subregional counties.
Land Use Forecasting. Just internal forecasts of population, employment, etc. Currently thinking about a suitable land use model for the area.
Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News (Hampton Roads Planning District Commission)
Travel Surveys. 1994 household survey (2500 households) by an outside consultant as part of a study for a third crossing of Hampton Roads. Results are available.
Land Use Data. Exists for the southside** only. Tabular, by statistical areas (areas can be aggregated to the TAZ or Census Tract level). Includes housing and commercial uses by type and acreage. Based on city data; last update from 1992-93. Digitization of land use data has been postponed indefinitely due to current state funding/program priorities. Two of fifteen local jurisdictions currently have their own digitized land use data.
**"Southside" refers to the five cities (Norfolk, Virginia Beach, Portsmouth, Chesapeake, and Suffolk) on the south/east side of Hampton Roads (a body of water). Until recently, Hampton and Newport News ("the peninsula") had a separate MPO and do not have comparable land use data.
Land Use Forecasting. Local jurisdictions project their land uses and send to the MPO for use in transportation modeling (a 2015 transportation plan was approved in May 1995). Forecasts are done in conjunction with population and employment control totals from the state.
Phoenix (Maricopa Association of Governments)
Travel Surveys. 1989 home interview survey (2,992 households); 1992 vehicle occupancy/classification survey; results of a pedestrian survey available soon; completing a travel time survey. 1994 travel survey:
Land Use Data. ArcInfo/MapInfo: 4 categories, at regional analysis zone level (slightly larger than a census tract).
Land Use Forecasting. Use DRAM/EMPAL.
Philadelphia (Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission)
Travel Surveys. 1987-88 telephone/mail household survey (2,500 households); 1988-89 cordon line survey of Delaware Valley Region (29,000 surveys).
Land Use Data. Intergraph; from aerial photos of 9-county region; 14 categories; resolution 1-2 acres (also type listed by acreage for municipalities). Historical: 1970, 1980 mapped and quantified (acres by type).
Land Use Forecasting. Population and employment forecasts based on land availability and assessment of future trends.
Pittsburgh (Southwestern Pennsylvania Regional Planning Commission)
Travel Surveys. 1990 household survey (433 households).
Land Use Data. 1992: expanded GIS from Landsat, still cleaning up; includes ~9-10 categories, resolution ~3 acres. Also ~35 additional layers, including parks, open space, forest areas, industrial areas, schools, etc. Historical: colored maps from mid-70s.
Land Use Forecasting. Use model to forecast acreage of residential, commercial, vacant, etc. by TAZ.
Portland (Metropolitan Service District)
Travel Surveys. 1994 household survey includes ~8,000 households from the Portland/Vancouver area plus 4-5,000 from downstate.
Land Use Data. ArcInfo, on a tax lot basis; updated every 6 months from the tax assessor's file. Categories depend on the county; covers 3-county metropolitan area in Oregon. No historical data.
Land Use Forecasting. No formal modeling is conducted, although regional land use planning is conducted in the context of an urban growth boundary and transportation and land use goals.
Providence (Rhode Island Department of Transportation)
Travel Surveys. No household surveys. Origin-destination survey of motorists in I-195 corridor.
Land Use Data. GIS (ArcInfo) from 1988 aerial photos of the entire state. Includes ~36 categories (modified Anderson system, level 3); polygons of 1/2 acre. Historical data from 1975-76 (updated early 1980s) are coded as point coverage in ArcInfo; a different coding system was used and data may not be reliable.
Land Use Forecasting. The Rhode Island State Model (for travel demand forecasting) has over 1000 TAZs. Demographic forecasting is done at the TAZ level using TransCAD software. The State Model includes all Rhode Island municipalities as well as adjacent communities in Connecticut and Massachusetts. Forecasts are done in conjunction with population and employment control totals from the state.
Sacramento (Sacramento Area Council of Governments)
Travel Surveys. 1992 household survey with ~2,000 household data points usable for modeling purposes (4,000 total households surveyed). 1995 on-board transit survey covering 6 counties completed, including 28,000 riders and 10 operators.
Land Use Data. Tabular, by minor zone (last updated 1994), from parcel-level data of Sacramento county assessor. Ten categories, including acres by type, number of parcels, and square feet of buildings.
Land Use Forecasting. Do projections by an "iterative process": compute holding capacities, meet with local planners, etc. Plan to run DRAM/EMPAL in the near future.
San Antonio (San Antonio-Bexar County Urban Transportation Study Steering Committee)
Travel Surveys. 1990 household survey (2500 households), workplace survey (282 workplaces), and external cordon survey. 1991 transit OD study.
Land Use Data. ArcInfo (1990), from aerial photographs. Originally 15 categories, grouped into 7, on a 200' x 200' grid.
Land Use Forecasting. (1) Do trend analysis; (2) Use DRAM/EMPAL to allocate households and employment.
San Diego (San Diego Association of Governments)
Travel Surveys. Currently doing a household survey using single-day trip diaries. Sampling ~1,600 households (may increase to 2,000 if funding is available). Final report is due August 1995.
Land Use Data. ArcInfo (1990) with two layers: existing and planned (based on local community plans). Includes 70-80 categories; polygons of ~2.5 acres (1" = 2000'). Historical data: 1986 land uses on ArcInfo; paper maps from 1972, 1975, 1980, 1986, and 1990 with 17 land use categories.
Land Use Forecasting. Use an in-house "projected land use model". Regional growth forecasts are overlaid with planned and existing land uses and constraints. Population, employment, and housing are forecast at the block level.
San Francisco (Metropolitan Transportation Commission; Association of Bay Area Governments)
Travel Surveys. Most recent household survey by MTC is a1990 household survey (~9,500 households in single-day sample with additional 1,500 in multi-day sample). MTC is conducting a household travel survey of ~3,000 households in 1995-96 as part of the Bay Bridge Congestion Pricing Demonstration Project.
Land Use Data. ABAG has land use data from 1990 and 1985 on ArcInfo based on a 200' x 200' grid. Data is based on USGS 1:24,000 Land Use Data maps from aerial photography in the mid-1970s. Updates were based on population and employment projections, local interviews, field checks, and(for 1990) aerial photography. The next update is planned for 1995-1997. Classification is based on the USGS Anderson system, with 30 urban-use categories at the 3-digit level and more detail where it is available.
Land Use Forecasting. ABAG forecasts land use based on their own demographic, economic, and land use data. Land use assumptions are based on local general plans down to the Census Tract level, in particular on residential, industrial, and commercial land availability as well as qualitative assumptions. ABAG uses an optimization model, POLIS, to allocate households and employment to 119 superzones, then uses a second model, SAM, to allocate these results to census tracts. A recent writeup of POLIS is included in ABAG Working Paper #95-1, "A Description of POLIS" (January 1995).
Seattle (Puget Sound Council of Governments)
Travel Surveys. 1988 cross-sectional household travel survey. Currently finishing the 5th wave of an activity-based panel survey begun in 1989; includes about 1900 households and 33-35,000 person-trips. If funding is available, Seattle will participate in the NPTS oversampling in 1995.
Land Use Data. Tabular data for percent of cover for each TAZ (about 850 TAZs over 600 sq. miles); 7-8 categories; last updated 1990. Historical data is also available, although TAZ boundaries changed in 1990. Currently in the process of geocoding land use and land pattern information, including trip ends; this will be linked with the TAZ data. Coding of local comprehensive plan maps should be finished by July 1995.
Land Use Forecasting. Use a highly customized DRAM/EMPAL variant with accessibility-based feedback loops. Currently working with Portland on developing land use allocation models.
St. Louis (East-West Gateway Coordinating Council)
Travel Surveys. 1990 household survey (1446 households).
Land Use Data. Atlas GIS; also in database format; from USGS maps 1970-80, 1990 update attempted with no field checking; categories based on Standard Land Use Coding Class, Level 1; resolution ~10 acres (in city) up to 40 acres (elsewhere).
Land Use Forecasting. "Interactive" manual model using spreadsheets. Population is projected based on county demographic model and regional trends, then allocated to TAZs; housing units are allocated based on concepts of density, type, and developable land constraints. Commercial/industrial uses based on employment allocations.
Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater (Tampa Urbanized Area MPO)
Travel Surveys. Recent surveys have been conducted by the Florida DOT in conjunction with the four local MPOs (each county in the Tampa area has its own MPO). 1991 surveys included an abbreviated household survey of ~1,600 households and a cordon line survey. Surveys are used to verify regional travel models. In late 1995 FDOT will be letting an $0.5 million contract for a survey to be conducted in the peak season of 1996 (Jan-Apr.) Details are not finalized but the contract will probably include a household survey (to reconfirm earlier results); a seasonal resident survey; an external travel survey; and a truck survey.
Land Use Data. Hillsborough County is working on bringing a GIS on-line (nearly complete exc. Tampa City). At parcel level, from property appraisers; 8-10 categories, as defined by state of FL.
Land Use Forecasting. FDOT and the four MPOs are currently developing a regional land use allocation model (land use policy-setting will remain at the local level).
Washington, D.C. (Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments)
Travel Surveys. 1988 survey (8,000 households). 1994 telephone survey.
Land Use Data. Late 1995: expect to have generalized composite map of future planned land uses on GIS (not comprehensive). Some counties are building/have completed GIS coding from a parcel level. Activity (not land use) file at TAZ level.
Land Use Forecasting. Use a "modified Delphi technique:" (1) use regional econometric model to allocate population, employment, and households to TAZs; (2) conduct local forecasts based on permits, utility hookups, etc.; (3) Reconcile steps 1 and 2.
| METRO AREA | LAND USE CONTACT | TRAVEL SURVEY CONTACT |
|---|---|---|
| Atlanta | Atlanta Regional Commission | Atlanta Regional Commission |
| Jim Meldrum | Patti Schropp | |
| 404-364-2521 | 404-364-2568 | |
| Baltimore | Baltimore Metropolitan Council | Baltimore Metropolitan Council |
| Dunbar Brooks | Gene Bandy | |
| 301-333-1750 x203 | 410-333-1750 x235 | |
| Boston | Central Transportation Planning Staff | Central Transportation Planning Staff |
| Mark DesMarais | Karl Quackenbush | |
| 617-973-7077 | 617-973-7114 | |
| Buffalo | Erie County | Niagara Frontier Transportation Committee |
| Michael Krasner | Timothy Trabold | |
| 716-858-6086 | 716-856-2026 | |
| Charlotte | Charlotte Department of Transportation | Charlotte Department of Transportation |
| Joe McClelland | Terry Lathrop | |
| 704-336-3908 | 704-336-2261 | |
| Chicago | Northeast Illinois Planning Commission | Chicago Area Transportation Study |
| Chuck Metalitz | Andy Plummer | |
| 312-454-0401 x602 | 312-793-3470 | |
| Cincinnati | Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Regional COG | Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Regional COG |
| Chengi-i Tsai | Chengi-i Tsai | |
| 513-621-6300 | 513-621-6300 | |
| Cleveland | Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency Policy Board | Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency Policy Board |
| Joe Cole | Joe Cole | |
| 216-241-2414 x280 | 216-241-2414 x280 | |
| Columbus | Policy Committee of the Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission | Policy Committee of the Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission |
| Nancy Reger | Robert Lawler | |
| 614-228-2663 | 614-228-2663 | |
| Dallas | North Central Texas COG | North Central Texas COG |
| Lyssa Jenkins | Ken Cervenka | |
| 816-695-9154 | 817-640-7806 | |
| Denver | Denver Regional COG | Denver Regional COG |
| John Coil | Jeff May | |
| 303-455-1000 | 303-455-1000 | |
| Detroit | Southeast Michigan COG | Southeast Michigan COG |
| Jerry Rowe | Alex Bourgeau | |
| 313-961-4266 x257 | 313-961-4266 | |
| Hartford | Capitol Region COG | Capitol Region COG |
| Carol Scymanski | Tom Maziarz | |
| 203-522-2217 | 203-522-2217 | |
| Houston | Houston-Galveston Area Council | Houston-Galveston Area Council |
| Marilee Martin | Jerry Bobo | |
| 713-993-4529 | 713-993-4571 | |
| Kansas City | Mid-America Regional Council | Mid-America Regional Council |
| Frank Lenk | Steve Noble | |
| 816-474-4240 | 816-474-4240 | |
| Los Angeles | Southern Calif Assoc of Governments | Southern Calif Assoc of Governments |
| Terry Bills | Terry Bills | |
| 213-236-1807 | 213-236-1807 | |
| Miami | Miami Urbanized Area MPO | Miami Urbanized Area MPO |
| Frank Barron | Jose-Luis Mesa | |
| 305-375-2845 | 303-375-4507 | |
| Milwaukee | Southeastern Wisconsin RPC | Southeastern Wisconsin RPC |
| Dave Schilling | Ken Yunker | |
| 414-547-6721 | 414-547-6721 | |
| Minneapolis | Metropolitan Council | Metropolitan Council |
| Rick Gelbmann | Kevin Roggenbuck | |
| 612-291-6371 | 612-229-2728 | |
| New Orleans | Regional Planning Commission | Regional Planning Commission |
| Jim Harvey | Jim Harvey | |
| 504-568-6611 | 504-568-6611 | |
| New York | New York Metropolitan Transportation Council | New York Metropolitan Transportation Council |
| Ping-Ning Shen | Ray Ruggieri | |
| 212-938-3297 | 212-938-3305 | |
| Norfolk | Hampton Roads Planning District Commission | Hampton Roads Planning District Commission |
| Mike Kimbrel | John Crosby | |
| 804-420-8300 | 804-420-8300 | |
| Phoenix | Maricopa Association of Governments | Maricopa Association of Governments |
| Leslie Dornfeld-Burns | Cathy Arthur | |
| 602-254-6308 | 602-506-4117 | |
| Philadelphia | Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission | Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission |
| Barry Seymour | Tom Walker | |
| 215-592-1800 | 215-592-1800 | |
| Pittsburgh | Southwestern Pennsylvania Regional Planning Commission | Southwestern Pennsylvania Regional Planning Commission |
| Wade Fox | Wade Fox | |
| 412-391-5593 x312 | 412-391-5593 x312 | |
| Portland | Metropolitan Service District | Metropolitan Service District |
| Dick Bolen | Keith Lawton | |
| 503-797-1582 | 503-797-1764 | |
| Providence | Rhode Island Department of Administration | Rhode Island Department of Transportation |
| John Stachelhaus | Joe Schall | |
| 401-277-2481 | 401-277-2694 | |
| Sacramento | Sacramento Area COG | Sacramento Area COG |
| Kelly Grieve | Joe Concannon | |
| 916-457-2264 | 916-457-2264 | |
| San Antonio | San Antonio-Bexar County Urban Transportation Study Steering Committee | San Antonio-Bexar County Urban Transportation Study Steering Committee |
| Dan Hebner | Dan Hebner | |
| 210-227-8651 | 210-227-8651 | |
| San Diego | San Diego Association of Governments | San Diego Association of Governments |
| Paul Kavanaugh | Paul Kavanaugh | |
| 619-595-5349 | 619-595-5349 | |
| San Francisco | Association of Bay Area Governments | Metropolitan Transportation Commission |
| Raymond Brady | Chuck Purvis | |
| 510-464-7928 | 410-464-7848 | |
| Seattle | Puget Sound COG | Puget Sound COG |
| Steve Fitzroy | Bob Sicko | |
| 206-464-6411 | 206-464-5325 | |
| St. Louis | East-West Gateway Coordinating Council | East-West Gateway Coordinating Council |
| Glen Griffin | Martin Altman | |
| 618-274-2750 | 314-421-4220 | |
| Tampa | Tampa Urbanized Area MPO | Florida Department of Transportation |
| Michelle Ogilvie | Danny Lamb | |
| 813-272-5940 | 813-975-6437 | |
| Washington | Metropolitan Washington COG | Metropolitan Washington COG |
| Bob Griffiths | Bob Griffiths | |
| 202-962-3280 | 202-962-328 |
Endnotes
1Purvis, Chuck. "Survey of Travel Surveys II". Metropolitan Transportation Commission: Oakland, CA, 1989.
